The Exam Room · The Long Fuse · AP US History 3.3

Question 1

Act of Parliament · Verbatim

And We do further declare it to be Our Royal Will and Pleasure, for the present as aforesaid, to reserve under our Sovereignty, Protection, and Dominion, for the use of the said Indians, all the Lands and Territories … lying to the Westward of the Sources of the Rivers which fall into the Sea from the West and North West as aforesaid.

— King George III, The Royal Proclamation of 1763 (October 7, 1763)

1. The proclamation excerpted above was issued most directly in response to which of the following developments?

1. Colonial boycotts of British goods organized against new parliamentary taxes

   Organized colonial boycotts began only after the Stamp Act of 1765, two years after this proclamation.

2. French attempts to reclaim Canada and the Ohio Valley after the Treaty of Paris

   France gave up its mainland North American claims in 1763 and made no serious attempt to retake Canada or the Ohio Valley; the proclamation was aimed at colonists and Native nations, not France.

3. A Native coalition's attacks on British forts and settlements in Pontiac's War

   Pontiac's War (1763) convinced London that unchecked settler movement west would mean costly frontier wars, so the Crown drew a line along the Appalachians.

4. Demands by colonial assemblies for direct representation in Parliament

   Colonists generally did not seek seats in Parliament, and representation was not an issue the proclamation addressed.

The answer is (C): A Native coalition's attacks on British forts and settlements in Pontiac's War

Skill: Causation

Question 2

Speech · Adapted

…as to those who come to trouble your lands,—drive them out, make war upon them. I do not love them … Send them back to the lands which I have created for them and let them stay there.

— Pontiac (Odawa), as recorded in French, Speech to the Council at the River Ecorse (April 27, 1763)

2. Which of the following would be most important for a historian to consider when using this document as evidence of Pontiac's own views?

1. The speech survives only through a French observer's record and translation.

   Oral speeches survive only through a recorder's language and choices; a French account may shape Pontiac's words and emphasis, so it must be read with that point of view in mind.

2. Pontiac delivered the speech to British officers while negotiating a peace treaty.

   Pontiac spoke to a council of Native leaders near Detroit in April 1763 as he prepared for war, not to British negotiators.

3. The speech was composed years later, after the American Revolution had begun.

   The speech dates from 1763, more than a decade before the Revolution.

4. Pontiac was a British ally seeking General Amherst's favor when he gave the speech.

   Pontiac was an Odawa war leader who led the 1763 rising against the British; Amherst's cuts to gifts and trade helped provoke it.

The answer is (A): The speech survives only through a French observer's record and translation.

Skill: Sourcing and Situation

Question 3

Britain's national debt rose from about £75 million in 1756 to about £133 million in 1763, and London planned to keep roughly 10,000 regular troops in North America.

— Film painting (modern illustration): George Grenville at the Treasury ledgers

3. The trend described above most directly contributed to which of the following British decisions after 1763?

1. Offering colonial assemblies seats in Parliament in exchange for new taxes

   Parliament never offered the colonies seats; it insisted colonists were already 'virtually' represented.

2. Withdrawing most regular troops from North America to reduce spending

   Britain did the opposite, keeping a peacetime army of about 10,000 regulars in America, which is part of why costs rose.

3. Returning Canada to France to reduce the cost of defending the frontier

   Britain kept Canada under the Treaty of Paris; handing it back was never on the table.

4. Ending salutary neglect by enforcing trade laws and taxing the colonies

   To help pay the war debt and the cost of the American garrison, Grenville's ministry tightened customs enforcement and passed revenue measures such as the Sugar Act (1764) and Stamp Act (1765).

The answer is (D): Ending salutary neglect by enforcing trade laws and taxing the colonies

Skill: Causation

Question 4

Resolves · Verbatim

That the people of these colonies are not, and from their local circumstances cannot be, represented in the House of Commons in Great-Britain. That the only representatives of the people of these colonies, are persons chosen therein by themselves.

— Stamp Act Congress, Declaration of Rights and Grievances (October 19, 1765)

4. The resolution excerpted above most directly rejected which of the following British arguments?

1. That Parliament could regulate colonial trade through duties like the Navigation Acts

   The Stamp Act Congress actually conceded Parliament's power to regulate trade; it objected to taxes laid to raise revenue.

2. That colonists were virtually represented in Parliament like nonvoting Britons

   By insisting the colonies 'cannot be' represented in the Commons, the delegates attacked the theory of virtual representation that ministers used to justify the Stamp Act.

3. That colonial assemblies must raise troops for frontier wars against Native nations

   Requisitions for troops were not the subject of the resolution; the delegates objected to being taxed by a House of Commons in which they had no members.

4. That the king and Privy Council could disallow laws passed by colonial assemblies

   Royal disallowance of colonial laws, exercised through the Privy Council, was a long-accepted part of colonial government and was not the grievance here.

The answer is (B): That colonists were virtually represented in Parliament like nonvoting Britons

Skill: Contextualization

Question 5

Pamphlet · Verbatim

every Englishman is taxed, and not one in twenty represented … If the Towns of Manchester and Birmingham sending no Representatives to Parliament are notwithstanding there represented, why are not the Cities of Albany and Boston equally represented in that Assembly?

— Soame Jenyns, The Objections to the Taxation of our American Colonies … Briefly Consider'd (1765)

5. Soame Jenyns's point of view in the pamphlet excerpted above is best explained by the fact that he

1. was a London merchant whose trade suffered from the colonial boycotts

   Jenyns was a member of Parliament, not a merchant, and London merchants hurt by the boycotts lobbied for repeal rather than defending the tax.

2. was a radical reformer who wanted Parliament to represent more Britons

   Jenyns defended the existing, very limited British franchise; his point was that most Britons were taxed without voting, not that more of them should vote.

3. was a colonial agent in London working for repeal of the Stamp Act

   Colonial agents such as Benjamin Franklin pressed Parliament for repeal; Jenyns wrote to defend the tax.

4. was a member of Parliament defending its authority to tax the colonies

   As an MP and a Lord of Trade, Jenyns had an institutional interest in upholding Parliament's power; his comparison to non-voting towns like Manchester and Birmingham is the classic case for virtual representation.

The answer is (D): was a member of Parliament defending its authority to tax the colonies

Skill: Sourcing and Situation

Question 6

Act of Parliament · Verbatim

That the said colonies and plantations in America have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; and that the King's majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons of Great Britain, in parliament assembled, had, hath, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in all cases whatsoever.

— Parliament of Great Britain, The Declaratory Act (An act for the better securing the dependency of his majesty's dominions in America upon the crown and parliament of Great Britain), 6 Geo. III c. 12 (March 18, 1766)

6. The act excerpted above is best understood as

1. a concession recognizing that only colonial assemblies could tax the colonies

   The act said the opposite: Parliament could bind the colonies 'in all cases whatsoever.'

2. a new set of duties on paper, glass and paint that replaced the stamp tax

   The Declaratory Act levied no tax; duties on paper, glass, paint and tea came with the Townshend Acts of 1767.

3. a claim of Parliament's full authority, passed alongside the Stamp Act's repeal

   Parliament repealed the Stamp Act for economic reasons in March 1766 but, the same day, declared its unlimited right to legislate for America, keeping the constitutional dispute alive.

4. a compromise worked out with colonial agents and the Stamp Act Congress

   Parliament did not recognize the Stamp Act Congress or bargain with it; the act was a one-sided declaration of authority.

The answer is (C): a claim of Parliament's full authority, passed alongside the Stamp Act's repeal

Skill: Contextualization

Question 7

Newspaper · Verbatim

The parliament unquestionably possesses a legal authority to regulate the trade of Great-Britain, and all her colonies. … Never did the British parliament, till the period above mentioned, think of imposing duties in America, FOR THE PURPOSE OF RAISING A REVENUE. … Here we may observe an authority expressly claimed and exerted to impose duties on these colonies; not for the regulation of trade … but for the single purpose of levying money upon us. This I call an innovation; and a most dangerous innovation. … Here then, my dear countrymen, ROUSE yourselves, and behold the ruin hanging over your heads.

— John Dickinson (writing as "A Farmer"), Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies — Letter II (First printed in the Pennsylvania Chronicle, December 1767 (Ford dates Letter II December 10, 1767); collected as a pamphlet, Philadelphia 1768)

7. In the letter excerpted above, Dickinson draws a distinction between

1. duties laid to regulate trade and duties laid only to raise a revenue

   Dickinson grants that Parliament can regulate imperial trade but argues the Townshend duties are unconstitutional because their stated purpose is to raise a revenue from the colonies.

2. the authority of the king and the authority of Parliament over the colonies

   Dickinson's argument concerns Parliament's powers, not a contrast with the king.

3. external taxes collected at ports and internal taxes such as the stamp duty

   Dickinson rejected the internal/external distinction: a duty collected at the port was still a tax if its purpose was revenue.

4. taxes on the northern colonies and taxes on the southern colonies

   The letter treats the colonies as sharing one grievance, not a regional one.

The answer is (A): duties laid to regulate trade and duties laid only to raise a revenue

Skill: Sourcing and Situation

Question 8

A Boston newspaper reports a 'spinning match': dozens of local women spend the day at their wheels producing homespun yarn, drinking local rather than imported beverages, and giving their yarn to the community.

— Summary of a Boston newspaper report, 1769

8. Activities like those described above were most significant because they

1. persuaded colonial assemblies to loosen coverture laws for married women

   Coverture stayed in force; women's protest work took place outside formal politics and did not change their legal status.

2. made the boycotts workable by producing homespun to replace British cloth

   Spinning bees and homespun let colonists refuse British cloth, so women's work became visible, public support for non-importation (KC-3.1.II.C–D).

3. persuaded Parliament to repeal the Townshend duty on tea in 1770

   Parliament repealed most Townshend duties in 1770 but deliberately kept the tax on tea.

4. were organized by royal governors to reduce colonial dependence on trade

   Royal governors opposed the boycotts; the spinning bees were Patriot demonstrations.

The answer is (B): made the boycotts workable by producing homespun to replace British cloth

Skill: Causation

Question 9

Engraving · Verbatim

On fryday Septr 30th 1768, the Ships of WAR, armed Schooners, Transports, &c. Came up the Harbour and Anchored round the TOWN; their Cannon loaded, a Spring on their Cables, as for a regular Siege. At noon on Saturday October the 1st the fourteenth & twenty-ninth Regiments, a detachment from the 59th Regt and Train of Artillery, with two peices of Cannon, landed on the Long Wharf; there Formed and Marched with insolent Parade, Drums beating, Fifes playing, and Colours flying, up KING STREET. Each Soldier having received 16 rounds of Powder and Ball.

— Paul Revere (engraver, printer, and seller); hand-colored by Christian Remick, A View of Part of the Town of Boston in New-England and Brittish Ships of War: Landing Their Troops! 1768 (Engraved and issued in 1770 (advertised April 1770), depicting the landing of September 30–October 1, 1768)

9. Revere most likely produced and sold the engraving described above in order to

1. celebrate the Royal Navy's protection of Boston's harbor from French attack

   France was no longer a threat in 1768; the troops came to support customs officials against Boston crowds.

2. reassure Boston merchants that the troops would protect the town's trade

   Revere was a Son of Liberty, and the print's 'insolent parade' attacks the troops rather than reassuring anyone.

3. portray the troops' arrival as a threat to the liberties of a peaceful town

   The ships 'anchored round the town' and soldiers marching with 'insolent parade' frame the landing of October 1768 as military occupation, a message aimed at a Patriot audience.

4. provide evidence for the trial of the soldiers in the Boston Massacre

   The print shows the landing of 1768, not the Massacre of March 1770, and it was sold to the public, not prepared for a court.

The answer is (C): portray the troops' arrival as a threat to the liberties of a peaceful town

Skill: Sourcing and Situation

Question 10

Resolves · Verbatim

Among the natural Rights of the Colonists are these First. a Right to Life; Secondly to Liberty; thirdly to Property; together with the Right to support and defend them in the best manner they can … When Men enter into Society, it is by voluntary consent … The supreme power cannot Justly take from any man, any part of his property without his consent, in person or by his Representative. … Now what liberty can there be, where property is taken away without consent?

— Samuel Adams (principal author), for the Boston Committee of Correspondence, The Rights of the Colonists (Report of the Committee of Correspondence to the Boston Town Meeting) (November 20, 1772)

10. The ideas expressed in the excerpt above most directly reflect the influence of

1. Enlightenment natural-rights philosophy, especially that of John Locke

   Locke's Second Treatise named life, liberty, and property as natural rights that no government may take without consent, the argument Samuel Adams's committee applied to Parliament (KC-3.1.II.B).

2. mercantilist theories that colonies existed to enrich the mother country

   Mercantilism concerned trade and national wealth; the excerpt is about individual rights.

3. the Great Awakening's emphasis on personal religious conversion

   The Great Awakening shaped colonial culture, but the excerpt's list of rights to life, liberty, and property comes from political philosophy, not revivalism.

4. the theory that monarchs received their authority directly from God

   Divine-right theory justified royal power; the excerpt limits government power instead.

The answer is (A): Enlightenment natural-rights philosophy, especially that of John Locke

Skill: Contextualization

Question 11

Pamphlet · Verbatim

I immediately dressed myself in the costume of an Indian, equipped with a small hatchet, which I and my associates denominated the tomahawk, with which, and a club, after having painted my face and hands with coal dust in the shop of a blacksmith, I repaired to Griffin's wharf, where the ships lay that contained the tea. … first cutting and splitting the chests with our tomahawks, so as thoroughly to expose them to the effects of the water. … We were surrounded by British armed ships, but no attempt was made to resist us.

— George Robert Twelves Hewes, as told to James Hawkes ("A Citizen of New-York"), A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party, with a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes (Hewes's first-person account) (1834 (recalling the night of December 16, 1773))

11. Which of the following is the most important limitation of Hewes's account as evidence of what happened on December 16, 1773?

1. Hewes was a customs official whose duty was to protect the Company's tea.

   Hewes was a Boston shoemaker and a participant, not a customs official.

2. It was written to be used as evidence at Hewes's own trial for destroying the tea.

   No one was ever tried for the Tea Party; Hewes's account is a later memoir.

3. Hewes watched from a distant wharf and did not board the ships himself.

   Hewes describes boarding the ships and splitting the chests himself; the problem is the gap of six decades and the intermediary author, not his vantage point.

4. It was recalled six decades later and written down by another author.

   Memory fades and reshapes over six decades, and a writer publishing in the 1830s, when surviving 'patriots' were honored, had reasons to shape a dramatic story.

The answer is (D): It was recalled six decades later and written down by another author.

Skill: Sourcing and Situation

Question 12

The Tea Act (May 1773) let the struggling East India Company ship tea directly to America through chosen agents. Even with the remaining Townshend duty of 3 pence per pound, its tea could undersell smuggled Dutch tea.

— Summary of the Tea Act, 1773

12. Many colonists resisted the Tea Act of 1773 even though it made legally imported tea cheaper, primarily because

1. the act raised the duty on tea to pay for British troops in Boston

   The act created no new tax; the 3-pence Townshend duty had been in place since 1767.

2. paying the duty would concede Parliament's right to tax them without consent

   Cheap tea was a trap for the principle: paying the duty meant accepting taxation without representation. Merchants also resented the Company's monopoly.

3. the act required colonists to buy a fixed amount of Company tea each year

   The act let the Company sell tea directly and more cheaply; it set no purchase quota.

4. colonial merchants were required to house East India Company employees

   Quartering applied to British troops, not Company employees, and it was not part of the Tea Act.

The answer is (B): paying the duty would concede Parliament's right to tax them without consent

Skill: Causation

Question 13

Resolves · Verbatim

That from and after the first day of December next, we will not import, into British America, from Great-Britain or Ireland, any goods, wares, or merchandise whatsoever… That a committee be chosen in every county, city, and town… whose business it shall be attentively to observe the conduct of all persons touching this association… to the end, that all such foes to the rights of British-America may be publicly known, and universally contemned as the enemies of American liberty; and thenceforth we respectively will break off all dealings with him or her.

— First Continental Congress, Philadelphia, The Continental Association (Articles of Association) (October 20, 1774)

13. The agreement excerpted above was most directly a response to

1. the Townshend duties on imported glass, paint, paper and tea

   The Townshend duties of 1767 prompted the non-importation agreements of 1768–1770; the Continental Association of October 1774 answered Parliament's punishment of Boston.

2. the Proclamation of 1763's limits on settlement west of the Appalachians

   The Proclamation Line was an older grievance and not the focus of the 1774 boycott.

3. the killing of militiamen by British regulars at Lexington and Concord

   The Association came six months before Lexington and Concord in April 1775.

4. Parliament's Coercive Acts punishing Massachusetts for the Tea Party

   The First Continental Congress adopted the Association in October 1774 to pressure Parliament to repeal the Coercive Acts, with local committees enforcing the boycott (KC-3.1.II.D).

The answer is (D): Parliament's Coercive Acts punishing Massachusetts for the Tea Party

Skill: Causation

Question 14

Engraving · Verbatim

A SOCIETY of PATRIOTIC LADIES, at EDENTON in NORTH CAROLINA.

— Philip Dawe (attributed), A Society of Patriotic Ladies at Edenton in North Carolina (March 25, 1775)

A London print shows the fifty-one women who signed the Edenton pledge as coarse, flirtatious, and careless. One woman signs the pledge while a child sits neglected beneath the table.

— Summary of Philip Dawe (attrib.), A Society of Patriotic Ladies, London, 1775

14. The artist's depiction of the Edenton women is best understood as

1. a Patriot tribute praising the women's sacrifice for the American cause

   The print was made in London to mock the women, not to honor them.

2. an accurate portrait made by an artist who attended the Edenton meeting

   The artist worked in London and exaggerated for comic effect; the print is not an eyewitness image.

3. a British satire mocking women's political activism as unnatural

   The satire reveals British (and many men's) assumptions that politics was not women's business, which is also evidence that the women's public pledge was taken seriously enough to attack (KC-3.1.II.C).

4. a Loyalist petition asking the women to return to buying British tea

   It is a satirical print, not a petition, and it addressed a British audience.

The answer is (C): a British satire mocking women's political activism as unnatural

Skill: Sourcing and Situation

Question 15

Act of Parliament · Verbatim

a great abuse has been made of the power of calling such meetings, and the inhabitants have, contrary to the design of their institution, been misled to treat upon matters of the most general concern, and to pass many dangerous and unwarrantable resolves: for remedy whereof, be it enacted, That from and after the said first day of August, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, no meeting shall be called by the select men, or at the request of any number of freeholders of any township, district, or precinct, without the leave of the governor

— Parliament of Great Britain (14 Geo. III c. 45), The Massachusetts Government Act (May 20, 1774)

15. Many colonists viewed the act excerpted above as especially threatening because it

1. restricted town meetings and made the council appointed by the Crown

   By limiting town meetings and replacing the elected council with royal appointees, Parliament struck at the self-rule colonists considered their birthright, which rallied other colonies behind Massachusetts (KC-3.1.II.B).

2. raised the duty on molasses imported from the French West Indies

   Molasses duties came from the Sugar Act of 1764, which actually lowered the rate; this act changed how Massachusetts was governed, not what it paid.

3. required colonists to buy stamped paper for newspapers and legal documents

   Stamped paper was required by the Stamp Act of 1765, repealed in 1766.

4. closed the lands west of the Appalachians to colonial settlement

   Western settlement limits came from the Proclamation of 1763; the 1774 Quebec Act, not this act, affected the Ohio Valley.

The answer is (A): restricted town meetings and made the council appointed by the Crown

Skill: Causation

Question 16

Letter · Verbatim

…you will March with the Corps of Grenadiers and light Infantry, put under your Command, with the utmost expedition and Secrecy to Concord, where you will seize and destroy all the Artillery, Ammunition, Provisions, Tents, Small Arms, and all Military Stores whatever…

— General Thomas Gage, Orders to Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith (April 18, 1775)

16. The orders excerpted above most directly reflect which of the following?

1. A British plan to arrest delegates to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia

   Gage's orders targeted stores at Concord, Massachusetts; Congress was not in session in Philadelphia in April 1775.

2. A British attempt to disarm the militia by seizing its stores of weapons

   Colonists had been stockpiling powder, cannon, and arms for their militias (KC-3.1.II.D), and Gage hoped a secret march could seize them before fighting began.

3. A British effort to enforce the Proclamation Line along the Ohio Valley frontier

   The march went from Boston to Concord, far from the western frontier.

4. A British response to Patrick Henry's call to arms in the Virginia convention

   Henry spoke to the Virginia convention in March 1775; Gage's orders concern the Massachusetts militia's supplies.

The answer is (B): A British attempt to disarm the militia by seizing its stores of weapons

Skill: Contextualization

Question 17

Diary · Verbatim

…at 5 oclock we arrived there and saw a number of People, I believe between 2 and 300, formed on a Common in the middle of the Town; we still continued advancing, keeping prepared against an attack tho' without intending to attack them, but on our coming near them they fired one or two shots, upon which our Men without any orders rushed in upon them, fired and put 'em to flight; several of them were killed … We then formed on the Common but with some difficulty, the Men were so wild they cou'd hear no orders…

— Lt. John Barker, 4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot, Diary of Lieutenant John Barker, King's Own (4th) Regiment, entry for April 19, 1775 (April 19, 1775)

I immediately ordered our Militia to disperse, and not to fire.

— Capt. John Parker, Lexington militia, sworn deposition, April 25, 1775

17. A historian comparing Lieutenant Barker's diary entry with Captain Parker's deposition would be most justified in concluding that

1. both accounts agree that the militia fired first, so the colonists began the war

   Only Barker says the militia fired first; Parker swore he ordered his men not to fire.

2. the conflict between the accounts means historians should set both aside as propaganda

   Conflicting accounts are normal evidence; historians weigh each author's purpose and point of view instead of discarding them.

3. they disagree on who fired first, but Barker concedes the regulars fired without orders

   Barker blames the militia for the first shots, but his private admission that his own men fired 'without any orders' cuts against his side's interest. Parker's deposition was gathered by the Provincial Congress to sway British opinion, so who fired first remains unknown.

4. Parker's deposition was written decades after the battle and is less reliable than Barker's

   Parker swore his deposition on April 25, 1775, within a week of the battle, not decades later.

The answer is (C): they disagree on who fired first, but Barker concedes the regulars fired without orders

Skill: Sourcing and Situation

Question 18

Poem · Verbatim

By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April's breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world.

— Ralph Waldo Emerson, Concord Hymn (July 4, 1837)

18. Emerson's poem is most useful to historians as evidence of

1. how Americans of the 1830s remembered the Revolution as a heroic founding

   Written for the 1837 dedication of the Concord battle monument, the poem shows how a later generation shaped the memory of 'embattled farmers' into a national myth.

2. the tactics the Concord militia used against the regulars at the North Bridge

   Emerson was not present in 1775 (he was born in 1803), and the poem offers imagery, not tactical detail.

3. how British officers explained their retreat from Concord to Boston

   Emerson was a Concord writer honoring the militia; the poem says nothing about how British officers saw the day.

4. the number of militiamen and regulars killed on April 19, 1775

   The poem contains no casualty figures; those come from military and town records.

The answer is (A): how Americans of the 1830s remembered the Revolution as a heroic founding

Skill: Sourcing and Situation

Question 19

Proclamation of 1763 → Sugar Act (1764) → Stamp Act (1765) → Declaratory Act (1766) → Townshend Acts (1767) → Tea Act (1773) → Coercive Acts (1774) → Gage's march to Concord (1775)

— Timeline of British policy, 1763–1775

19. Which of the following best describes a pattern in the British policies listed above?

1. Parliament gradually lowered colonial taxes to regain the colonists' loyalty.

   Some taxes were repealed, but each repeal came with a reassertion of authority (the Declaratory Act, the tea duty), and the overall trend was escalation.

2. Parliament increasingly sought colonial assemblies' consent before acting.

   Parliament never sought colonial consent, which was the core of the colonists' complaint.

3. British policy was aimed mainly at preventing a French return to North America.

   France was out of North America after 1763; these policies targeted colonial revenue and obedience.

4. Colonial resistance to new measures led Parliament to reassert its authority.

   Protest led to repeal-plus-reassertion, then to new measures and finally to punishment and force, the causation chain that runs from 1763 to Lexington (KC-3.1.II.A).

The answer is (D): Colonial resistance to new measures led Parliament to reassert its authority.

Skill: Causation

Question 20

Engraving · Verbatim

The BLOODY MASSACRE perpetrated in King Street BOSTON on March 5th 1770, by a party of the 29th REGT. — Unhappy BOSTON! see thy Sons deplore,
Thy hallow'd Walks besmear'd with guiltless Gore:

— Paul Revere (after Henry Pelham), The Bloody Massacre perpetrated in King Street (March 1770)

Revere's print shows soldiers in a neat line firing on command into a peaceful crowd. Preston's account describes a threatening crowd striking at his men with clubs and daring them to fire.

— Paul Revere (after Henry Pelham), engraving, 1770 · Capt. Thomas Preston, account, 1770

20. Which of the following best explains why Revere's engraving and Preston's account portray the events of March 5, 1770, so differently?

1. Revere witnessed the shooting from King Street, while Preston arrived after it ended.

   Preston commanded the soldiers on King Street; Revere's image was copied from Henry Pelham's drawing and staged for effect.

2. Revere aimed to turn opinion against the troops, and Preston faced a murder trial.

   Purpose and audience explain the gap: Revere's print was Patriot propaganda sold to the public, while Preston, facing trial, emphasized the crowd's threats (KC-3.1.II.A).

3. Both men prepared their accounts as evidence for the jury at the soldiers' trial.

   Revere's engraving was a popular print sold weeks after the event, not trial evidence.

4. Preston wrote his account years later, when his memory of the night had faded.

   Preston wrote his account in March 1770, days after the shooting, while he awaited trial.

The answer is (B): Revere aimed to turn opinion against the troops, and Preston faced a murder trial.

Skill: Sourcing and Situation

Question 21

Resolves · Verbatim

Resolved, Therefore that the General Assembly of this Colony have the only and sole exclusive Right & Power to lay Taxes & Impositions upon the Inhabitants of this Colony…

— Patrick Henry / Virginia House of Burgesses, The Virginia Resolves (May 30, 1765)

Virginia Resolves (1765): the colony's General Assembly has "the only and sole exclusive Right and Power to lay Taxes" on Virginians. Declaratory Act (1766): Parliament may make laws binding the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

— Virginia House of Burgesses, 1765 · Parliament of Great Britain, 1766

21. The two documents above differ most fundamentally over

1. whether the colonies should remain part of the British Empire or seek independence

   In the 1760s neither side proposed independence; the Burgesses claimed rights as British subjects inside the empire.

2. whether the colonies owed any share of the cost of the Seven Years' War

   The dispute was over who could levy taxes, not whether the colonies should contribute anything.

3. whether the king should be replaced by an elected republican government

   Neither document challenges the monarchy.

4. whether Parliament or the colonial assemblies held the power to tax the colonies

   The colonial view tied taxation to actual representation in local assemblies; the British view held that a sovereign Parliament, which virtually represented all subjects, could tax anywhere in the empire (KC-3.1.II.B).

The answer is (D): whether Parliament or the colonial assemblies held the power to tax the colonies

Skill: Comparison

Question 22

February 1770: 300+ Boston women sign a pledge to give up tea. 1768 → 1769: New York's imports from Britain fall by about 84 percent during the non-importation movement.

— Figures shown in the film, chapter 3

22. The evidence above best supports which of the following claims about the resistance movement?

1. Colonial boycotts had little measurable effect on British trade with the colonies.

   An 84 percent drop in New York's British imports shows a large effect.

2. Resistance was limited to wealthy merchants and members of colonial assemblies.

   The women's pledge and the boycotts' reach show resistance went far beyond merchants and assembly members.

3. Ordinary colonists, including women, gave the boycotts real economic force.

   Boycotts only worked if households stopped buying British goods and made substitutes, so women, artisans, and laborers turned everyday choices into political pressure (KC-3.1.II.C–D).

4. Women's participation in the boycotts won them new legal and political rights.

   Women gained no new legal or political rights from the boycotts; their activism took place outside formal politics.

The answer is (C): Ordinary colonists, including women, gave the boycotts real economic force.

Skill: Causation

Question 23

Letter · Verbatim

I can never look upon that Proclamation in any other light (but this I say between ourselves) than as a temporary expedient to quiet the Minds of the Indians and must fall of course in a few years especially when those Indians are consenting to our Occupying the Lands.

— George Washington, Letter to William Crawford (September 17, 1767)

23. The letter above helps explain why many Native American leaders in the Ohio Valley regarded the Proclamation of 1763 as

1. a fragile protection that settlers and speculators meant to ignore or undo

   Native nations used the line to defend their lands and trade on their own terms, but speculators like Washington treated it as temporary, so its protection proved fragile (KC-3.1.I.C).

2. a permanent guarantee that ended settler movement onto their hunting lands

   Settlers kept crossing the line, and the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix moved it west, so the protection was far from permanent.

3. a scheme to open the Ohio Valley quickly to colonial settlement

   The proclamation closed lands west of the Appalachians to settlement; Washington's letter shows speculators waiting for it to be lifted.

4. a reward for their alliance with the colonists during Pontiac's War

   Pontiac's War was fought against the British, and the proclamation was issued to calm the frontier, not to reward allies.

The answer is (A): a fragile protection that settlers and speculators meant to ignore or undo

Skill: Contextualization

Question 24

Letter · Verbatim

…for in every human Breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of Freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance; and by the Leave of our modern Egyptians I will assert, that the same Principle lives in us. … This I desire not for their Hurt, but to convince them of the strange Absurdity of their Conduct whose Words and Actions are so diametrically opposite. How well the Cry for Liberty, and the reverse Disposition for the exercise of oppressive Power over others agree,—I humbly think it does not require the Penetration of a Philosopher to determine.—

— Phillis Wheatley, Letter to the Rev. Samson Occom (February 11, 1774 (printed in the Connecticut Gazette, March 11, 1774))

24. Wheatley's letter most directly challenged

1. Parliament's claim to virtually represent colonists across the empire

   Wheatley's target is slavery, not the dispute over representation in Parliament.

2. colonists who cried for liberty while holding others in bondage

   A Black poet who had been enslaved in Boston (freed in 1773), Wheatley turned the Patriots' own language of a God-given love of freedom against those who held people in bondage.

3. the Continental Association's ban on importing British goods

   The Association was adopted in October 1774, eight months after this letter, and the letter does not discuss boycotts.

4. Native American resistance to colonial settlement in the West

   The letter concerns African Americans' freedom, not Native lands.

The answer is (B): colonists who cried for liberty while holding others in bondage

Skill: Contextualization